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أعوذ باللّٰه من الشيطان الرجيم
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
(Book#1130/What is Munafiq? Why & How -43)
[ * Verily, those who give pledge to you, they are giving pledge to Allah:- Jihad distinguishes the Ranks of the Believers and exposes the Hypocrites :-]
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Surah: 48 Para:26
Ayat:- 8-19
48:8
اِنَّاۤ اَرۡسَلۡنٰکَ شَاہِدًا وَّ مُبَشِّرًا وَّ نَذِیۡرًا ۙ﴿۸﴾
Indeed, We have sent you as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner
Qualities of the Messenger of Allah
Allah the Exalted says to His Prophet, Muhammad,
إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ شَاهِدًا
Verily, We have sent you as a witness, (of the creation),
وَمُبَشِّرًا
as a bearer of glad tidings, (to the believers),
وَنَذِيرًا
and as a warner. (to the disbelievers).
We explained these meanings in the Tafsir of Surah Al-Ahzab.
Allah said
48:9
لِّتُؤۡمِنُوۡا بِاللّٰہِ وَ رَسُوۡلِہٖ وَ تُعَزِّرُوۡہُ وَ تُوَقِّرُوۡہُ ؕ وَ تُسَبِّحُوۡہُ بُکۡرَۃً وَّ اَصِیۡلًا ﴿۹﴾
That you [people] may believe in Allah and His Messenger and honor him and respect the Prophet and exalt Allah morning and afternoon.
لِتُوْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُعَزِّرُوهُ
In order that you may believe in Allah and His Messenger, and that you Tu`azziruh (or you honor him, according to Abdullah bin Abbas and several others),
وَتُوَقِّرُوهُ
and Tuwaqqiruh, (where Tawqir means, respect, honor and high regard),
وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ
and that you Tusabbihuh, (glorify Allah’s praises),
بُكْرَةً وَأَصِيلً
Bukrah and Asila, (the early and late part of the day).
The Pledge of Ar-Ridwan
Allah the Exalted and Most Honored honors, regards and praises His Messenger by saying
48:10
اِنَّ الَّذِیۡنَ یُبَایِعُوۡنَکَ اِنَّمَا یُبَایِعُوۡنَ اللّٰہَ ؕ یَدُ اللّٰہِ فَوۡقَ اَیۡدِیۡہِمۡ ۚ فَمَنۡ نَّکَثَ فَاِنَّمَا یَنۡکُثُ عَلٰی نَفۡسِہٖ ۚ وَ مَنۡ اَوۡفٰی بِمَا عٰہَدَ عَلَیۡہُ اللّٰہَ فَسَیُؤۡتِیۡہِ اَجۡرًا عَظِیۡمًا ﴿٪۱۰﴾
Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you, [O Muhammad] – they are actually pledging allegiance to Allah . The hand of Allah is over their hands. So he who breaks his word only breaks it to the detriment of himself. And he who fulfills that which he has promised Allah – He will give him a great reward.
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبَايِعُونَكَ إِنَّمَا يُبَايِعُونَ اللَّهَ
Verily, those who give pledge to you, they are giving pledge to Allah.
Allah the Exalted and Most High said in another Ayah,
مَّنْ يُطِعِ الرَّسُولَ فَقَدْ أَطَاعَ اللَّهَ
He who obeys the Messenger, has indeed obeyed Allah. (4:80)
Allah said, next,
يَدُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ
The Hand of Allah is over their hands.
meaning, He is with them, hearing their statements and witnessing their stand, having full knowledge of them inwardly and outwardly. Therefore, Allah the Exalted was indeed taking the pledge from them through His Messenger.
Allah states in another ayah;
إِنَّ اللَّهَ اشْتَرَى مِنَ الْمُوْمِنِينَ أَنفُسَهُمْ وَأَمْوَلَهُمْ بِأَنَّ لَهُمُ الّجَنَّةَ يُقَـتِلُونَ فِى سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَيَقْتُلُونَ وَيُقْتَلُونَ وَعْدًا عَلَيْهِ حَقًّا فِي التَّوْرَاةِ وَالاِنجِيلِ وَالْقُرْءانِ وَمَنْ أَوْفَى بِعَهْدِهِ مِنَ اللَّهِ فَاسْتَبْشِرُواْ بِبَيْعِكُمُ الَّذِى بَايَعْتُمْ بِهِ وَذَلِكَ هُوَ الْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ
Verily, Allah has purchased of the believers their lives and their properties for which theirs shall be the Paradise. They fight in Allah’s cause, so they kill and are killed. It is a promise in truth, binding on Him in the Tawrah and the Injil and the Qur’an. And who is truer to his covenant than Allah? Then rejoice in the bargain you have concluded. That is the supreme success. (9:111)
Then Allah warned,
فَمَن نَّكَثَ فَإِنَّمَا يَنكُثُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ
Then whosoever breaks his pledge breaks it only to his own harm;
And then Allah said,
وَمَنْ أَوْفَى بِمَا عَاهَدَ عَلَيْهُ اللَّهَ فَسَيُوْتِيهِ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا
and whosoever fulfills what the covenants he makes with Allah, He will bestow on him a great reward. (a generous reward).
The pledge mentioned here is the pledge of Ar-Ridwan which was pledged under a tree, a Samurah, in the area of Al-Hudaybiyyah. The number of the Companions who gave their pledge to Allah’s Messenger at that time was either 1,300, 1,400 or 1,500. However, 1,400 is the better choice.
Hadiths about the Pledge at Al-Hudaybiyyah
Al-Bukhari recorded that Jabir bin Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with him, said,
“We numbered one thousand and four hundred on the day of Hudaybiyyah.”
Muslim also collected this Hadith.
The Two Sahihs recorded that Jabir said;
“We numbered one thousand and four hundred at that time. The Messenger placed his hand in the water and it started gushing forth from between his fingers until everyone had quenched their thirst.”
This is a short form of the story.
Another narration of it mentioned;
The Companions became thirsty on the day of Al-Hudaybiyyah and the Messenger of Allah gave them an arrow from his quiver. They took the arrow, placed it in the well of Al-Hudaybiyyah and the water gushed out until they all satisfied their thirst.
Jabir was asked how many of them there were on that day and he said,
“We were one thousand and four hundred. And had we been a hundred thousand, that water would still have been sufficient to satisfy us all.”
In another narration collected in the Two Sahihs, Jabir bin Abdullah said;
“they were one thousand and five hundred at the time.”
Al-Bukhari recorded that;
Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib was asked by Qatadah, “How many were present for the pledge of Ar-Ridwan?’
Sa`id said, “One thousand and five hundred.”
Qatadah posed, “Jabir bin Abdullah, (may Allah be pleased with them both), said that they were one thousand and four hundred.”
Sa`id said, “He forgot. He told me that they were one thousand and five hundred.”
However, Al-Bayhaqi commented,
“This narration testifies that Jabir used to state that they were one thousand and five hundred, but later on remembered the true number and said that they were one thousand and four hundred.”
The Reason behind conducting the Pledge of Ar-Ridwan
Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar said in his book on Sirah:
“The Messenger of Allah beckoned Umar bin Al-Khattab in order to send him to Makkah, so that he could inform the chiefs of Quraysh of the Prophet’s intent (to perform Umrah at Makkah).
Umar said,
`O Allah’s Messenger! I fear the Quraysh for my being. There are no longer any chiefs from the tribe of Bani `Adi bin Ka`b remaining in Makkah who would protect me, in addition, the Quraysh know my enmity and harshness against them. However, I could tell you about a man who is mightier than I in Makkah:Uthman bin Affan. We should send him to Abu Sufyan and the chiefs of the Quraysh informing them that you did not come to fight them, but to visit this House and to honor its holiness.’
Uthman left to Makkah. He met Aban bin Sa`id bin Al-`As upon entering Makkah or just before that. As a result, Aban took Uthman with him and extended his protection to him so he could deliver the message of Allah’s Messenger.
Uthman indeed went to Abu Sufyan and the chiefs of Quraysh and imparted the Prophet’s message that he was sent with. When Uthman finished delivering the Prophet’s message to them they said to him,
`If you wish, you can perform Tawaf around the House.’
Uthman replied, `I would not do that before the Messenger of Allah gets the chance to perform Tawaf around it.’
So the Quraysh kept Uthman waiting in Makkah. However, the Messenger of Allah and the Muslims were told that Uthman had been killed.”
Ibn Ishaq continued,
“I was told by Abdullah bin Abu Bakr that when news of Uthman’s death was conveyed to him, the Messenger of Allah said,
لَاا نَبْرَحُ حَتْى نُنَاجِزَ الْقَوْم
We will not leave until we fight the people.”
Ibn Ishaq continued,
“The Messenger of Allah called the Muslims to give a pledge of allegiance, resulting in the pledge of Ar-Ridwan being conducted under the tree.
Later, people used to say that the Messenger of Allah took the pledge from them to die. However, Jabir bin Abdullah said,
`The Messenger of Allah did not ask us to give a pledge to die (or be victorious), but that we would not run away (from battle).’
The Muslims gave their pledge and none among them held back from giving it, except Al-Jadd bin Qays from the tribe of Bani Salamah.
Jabir used to say afterwards, `By Allah, it is as if I am looking at him now next to the shoulder of his camel taking refuge behind it, so that the people did not see him.’
Soon afterwards, news came to the Messenger of Allah that the story of Uthman’s death was not true.”
Al-Bukhari recorded that Nafi` said,
“People said that Abdullah bin Umar embraced Islam before Umar, but this is not true. What happened is that on the Day of Hudaybiyyah, Umar sent Abdullah to bring his horse that he kept with a man from Al-Ansar, so he could use it to fight. The Messenger of Allah was then taking the pledge from the Muslims under the tree while Umar was unaware. So, Abdullah conducted his pledge and fetched the horse and brought it to Umar, who was wearing his armor in preparation for battle. Abdullah told Umar that the Messenger of Allah was accepting the pledge under the tree. Umar proceeded with Abdullah and gave his pledge to the Messenger of Allah. This is why some people thought that Abdullah bin Umar embraced Islam before Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both.”
Al-Bukhari also recorded Ibn Umar saying;
that, the people who were with the Messenger of Allah scattered under the shade of trees. Suddenly, the people gathered around the Prophet and Umar said,
“O Abdullah! Investigate why the people are gathering around Allah’s Messenger.”
Ibn Umar found the people giving their pledge. He gave his pledge, then went back and told Umar, who also went and gave his pledge.
In a Hadith collected by Muslim, Jabir bin Abdullah said,
“On the day of Al-Hudaybiyyah, we were one thousand and four hundred. We gave the pledge of allegiance to the Prophet while Umar was holding the Prophet’s hand under the tree, which was a Samurah (a kind of thorny tree). We gave the pledge to him not to run away (from battle). We did not give the pledge to die.”
Muslim recorded that Ma`qil bin Yasar, may Allah be pleased with him, said,
“On the day of the Tree, while the Prophet was taking the pledge from the people, I was holding a branch of that tree away from his head. We were fourteen hundred. We did not give him our pledge to die, but gave the pledge not to run from battle.”
However, Al-Bukhari recorded that Salamah bin Al-Akwa, may Allah be pleased with him, said,
“I gave the pledge to the Messenger of Allah under the tree.”
Yazid asked him, “O Abu Maslamah, to what did you pledge at that time”
Salamah said, “To die!”
Al-Bukhari also collected a Hadith from Salamah bin Al-Akwa that he said,
“I gave my pledge to the Messenger of Allah on the day of Hudaybiyyah. I stood to the side and the Messenger said,
يَا سَلَمَةُ أَلَاا تُبَايِعُ
Why not give the pledge, O Salamah?
and I said, `I did.’
He said,
قْبِلْ فَبَايِع
Come and give pledge.
I went close to him and gave him my pledge.”‘
Salamah was asked, “What was the pledge that you gave then, O Salamah”
Salamah said, “To die.”
Muslim collected this Hadith as well, while Al-Bukhari collected from Abbad bin Tamim that the pledge they gave was to die.
Al-Bayhaqi recorded that Salamah bin Al-Akwa, may Allah be pleased with him said,
“We went to Al-Hudaybiyyah with the Messenger of Allah, and we numbered fourteen hundred at that time. We reached the well and found around fifty sheep drinking from it, but its water was barely sufficient for them. The Messenger of Allah sat on its rim, invoked Allah and spat in the well and its water gushed out. We made our animals drink from it and also drank from it. Next, the Messenger of Allah called the people to give the pledge when he was under the tree, and I was among the first to give the pledge to him. The remaining people then started giving the pledge. When about half the people have given the pledge, the Messenger said to me,
بَايِعْنِي يَا سَلَمَة
Give me the pledge, O Salamah!
I said, `O Allah’s Messenger! I have already pledged my pledge in the first group of people.’
He said,
وَأَيْضًا
Do it again.
So I pledged my pledge again. He also saw that I was not wearing any armor and gave me some.
He went on accepting the pledge from the people. When they were about to finish, he said,
أَلَا تُبَايِـــعُ يَا سَلَمَةُ
Will you not give me your pledge, O Salamah!
I said, `O Allah’s Messenger! I have given you the pledge in the beginning and the middle. ‘
He said, وَأَيْضًا Do it again.
I gave him my pledge for a third time.
The Messenger of Allah asked me,
يَا سَلَمَةُ أَيْنَ حَجَفَتُكَ أَوْ دَرَقَتُكَ الَّتِي أَعْطَيْتُكَ
Where is the armor that I gave you O Salamah?
I said, `O Allah’s Messenger! `Amir met me and I found that he did not have a shield, so I gave it to him.’
The Messenger of Allah laughed and said to me,
إِنَّكَ كَالَّذِي قَالَ الاَْوَّلُ اللْهُمَّ أَبْغِنِي حَبِيبًا هُوَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ نَفْسِي
You are just like the man of old times who said, `O Allah! Give me a dear person who is dearer to me than myself!’
Then the idolators of Makkah sent a delegation asking for a peace treaty, and we agreed to make peace.
I used to work for Talhah bin Ubaydullah, may Allah be pleased with him, by providing water for his horse. For taking care of it, Talhah gave me a portion of his food. I had left my family and wealth and migrated to Allah and His Messenger (so I was poor).
After the people of Makkah and us conducted peace and were freely mingling with each other, I went by a tree, removed its thorny branches and rested under its shade. Four of the idolators of Makkah stood close to me and started mentioning the Messenger of Allah in an improper way and I hated being close to them. So, I moved under the shade of another tree. They hanged their weapons and rested under it. Meanwhile, a caller shouted these words from the bottom of the valley,
`O Emigrants! Ibn Zunaym was killed,’
so I held my sword and went after the four idolators. They were asleep, so I took possession of their weapons and held them in my hand, saying,
`By He Who has honored the face of Muhammad, if any one of you raises his head, I will strike that which holds his eyes!’
I brought them to the Messenger of Allah, while my uncle Amir brought another man, an idolator, whose name was Mikraz, and I and my uncle brought the men to the Messenger of Allah. The number of captured idolators swelled to seventy. The Messenger of Allah looked at them and said,
دَعُوهُمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ بَدْءُ الْفُجُورِ وَثِنَاه
Let them go, for theirs will be the initiation of hostilities and its burden.
The Messenger of Allah forgave them and Allah the Exalted and Most Honored said,
وَهُوَ الَّذِى كَفَّ أَيْدِيَهُمْ عَنكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ عَنْهُم بِبَطْنِ مَكَّةَ مِن بَعْدِ أَنْ أَظْفَرَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ
And He it is Who has withheld their hands from you and your hands from them in the midst of Makkah, after He had made you victors over them. (48:24)
Muslim collected a narration that is the same or similar.
The Two Sahihs recorded that Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib said,
“My father was among those who gave the pledge to the Messenger of Allah under the tree. He said, `In the following year, we went for Hajj and we could not find the tree.’ Therefore, if you know where that tree is, then you have more knowledge!”
Abu Bakr Al-Humaydi recorded that Jabir said,
“When the Messenger of Allah called the people to the pledge, we found a man from our tribe whose name is Al-Jadd bin Qays, hiding under the shoulder of his camel.”
Muslim collected this Hadith.
Al-Humaydi also recorded that `Amr said that he heard Jabir say,
“On the day of Hudaybiyyah, we were one thousand and four hundred and the Messenger of Allah said to us,
أَنْتُمْ خَيْرُ أَهْلِ الاَْرْضِ الْيَوْم
Today, you are the best people on the earth.
Jabir went on saying,
“If I still had my sight, I would have shown you the tree.”
Sufyan commented that the Companions later on differed over the location of the tree of Al-Hudaybiyyah; the Two Sahihs collected this statement from him.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Jabir said that the Messenger of Allah said,
لَاا يَدْخُلُ النَّارَ أَحَدٌ مِمَّنْ بَايَعَ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَة
None among those who gave the pledge under the tree shall enter Hellfire.
Abdullah bin Imam Ahmad recorded that Jabir said that the Messenger of Allah said,
مَنْ يَصْعَدُ الثَّنِيَّةَ ثَنِيَّةَ الْمُرَارِ فَإِنَّهُ يُحَطُّ عَنْهُ مَا حُطَّ عَنْ بَنِي إِسْرَايِيل
He who ascends Thaniyyah (i.e. a mountainous pass), the Thaniyyah of Al-Murar, will have as much of his sins relieved for him as the sins that were relieved from the Children of Israel.
The first to ascend that hill were the horsemen of (the Ansar tribe of) Banu Al-Khazraj, then the Muslims followed suit.
The Prophet said,
كُلُّكُمْ مَغْفُورٌ لَهُ إِلاَّ صَاحِبَ الْجَمَلِ الاَْحْمَر
All of you will be forgiven, except the owner of the red camel.
We said to him, “Come, let the Messenger of Allah invoke Allah to forgive you,” but he said, “By Allah! Finding my lost camel is dearer to me than having your companion invoke Allah to forgive me. ”
That man was only looking for his lost camel.
Muslim collected this Hadith from Ubaydullah (from Jabir).
Muslim also recorded that Abu Az-Zubayr heard Jabir say,
“Umm Mubashshir told me that she heard the Messenger of Allah saying, while he was with Hafsah,
لَاا يَدْخُلُ النَّارَ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ تَعَالَى مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الشَّجَرَةِ الَّذِينَ بَايَعُوا تَحْتَهَا أَحَد
Allah willing, none of the Companions of the tree, who gave the pledge under it, will ever enter Hellfire.
She said, `No, O Allah’s Messenger.’
The Prophet rebuked her but Hafsah said,
وَإِن مِّنكُمْ إِلاَّ وَارِدُهَا
There is not one of you but will pass over it (Hell). (19:71)
but the Prophet responded,
قَدْ قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى
Allah the Exalted said next,
ثُمَّ نُنَجِّى الَّذِينَ اتَّقَواْ وَّنَذَرُ الظَّـلِمِينَ فِيهَا جِثِيّاً
Then We shall save those who had Taqwa and We shall leave the wrongdoers therein on their knees. (19:72)
Muslim also narrated that Jabir said,
“A slave of Hatib bin Abi Balta`ah came to the Messenger complaining against Hatib and saying, `O Allah’s Messenger! Hatib shall surely enter Hell.’
The Messenger of Allah replied,
كَذَبْتَ لَا يَدْخُلُهَا فَإِنَّهُ قَدْ شَهِدَ بَدْرًا وَالْحُدَيْبِيَّة
You lie, he shall never enter the Fire; he participated in Badr and Al-Hudaybiyyah.
This is why Allah the Exalted said while praising these Companions,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبَايِعُونَكَ إِنَّمَا يُبَايِعُونَ اللَّهَ يَدُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ فَمَن نَّكَثَ فَإِنَّمَا يَنكُثُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ وَمَنْ أَوْفَى بِمَا عَاهَدَ عَلَيْهُ اللَّهَ فَسَيُوْتِيهِ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا
Verily, those who give pledge to you, they are giving pledge to Allah. The Hand of Allah is over their hands. Then whosoever breaks his pledge, breaks it only to his own harm; and whosoever fulfills whatever covenant he has made with Allah, He will bestow on him a great reward.
Allah the Exalted and Most Honored said in another Ayah,
لَقَدْ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُوْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ فَأَنزَلَ السَّكِينَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَثَابَهُمْ فَتْحًا قَرِيبًا
Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they gave the pledge to you under the tree, He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down tranquility upon them, and He rewarded them with a near victory. (48:18)
48:11
سَیَقُوۡلُ لَکَ الۡمُخَلَّفُوۡنَ مِنَ الۡاَعۡرَابِ شَغَلَتۡنَاۤ اَمۡوَالُنَا وَ اَہۡلُوۡنَا فَاسۡتَغۡفِرۡ لَنَا ۚ یَقُوۡلُوۡنَ بِاَلۡسِنَتِہِمۡ مَّا لَیۡسَ فِیۡ قُلُوۡبِہِمۡ ؕ قُلۡ فَمَنۡ یَّمۡلِکُ لَکُمۡ مِّنَ اللّٰہِ شَیۡئًا اِنۡ اَرَادَ بِکُمۡ ضَرًّا اَوۡ اَرَادَ بِکُمۡ نَفۡعًا ؕ بَلۡ کَانَ اللّٰہُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُوۡنَ خَبِیۡرًا ﴿۱۱﴾
Those who remained behind of the bedouins will say to you, “Our properties and our families occupied us, so ask forgiveness for us.” They say with their tongues what is not within their hearts. Say, “Then who could prevent Allah at all if He intended for you harm or intended for you benefit? Rather, ever is Allah, with what you do, Acquainted.
The Fabricated Excuse offered by Those Who lagged behind and did not participate in Al-Hلudaybiyyah; Allah’s Warning for Them
Allah informs to His Messenger,
سَيَقُولُ لَكَ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ مِنَ الاَْعْرَابِ شَغَلَتْنَا أَمْوَالُنَا وَأَهْلُونَا فَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَنَا
Those of the Bedouins who lagged behind will say to you:
“Our possessions and our families occupied us, so ask forgiveness for us.”
Allah informs His Messenger of the excuses that the Bedouins who lagged behind would offer him, those Bedouins who preferred to remain in their homes and possessions and did not join the Messenger of Allah.
They offered an excuse for lagging behind, as that of being busy — in their homes and with their wealth! They asked the Messenger of Allah to invoke Allah to forgive them, not because they had faith in the Prophet and his invocation, but to show off and pretend.
This is why Allah the Exalted said about them,
يَقُولُونَ بِأَلْسِنَتِهِم مَّا لَيْسَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ
قُلْ فَمَن يَمْلِكُ لَكُم مِّنَ اللَّهِ شَيْيًا إِنْ أَرَادَ بِكُمْ ضَرًّا أَوْ أَرَادَ بِكُمْ نَفْعًا
They say with their tongues what is not in their hearts.
Say:”Who then has any power at all (to intervene) on your behalf with Allah, if He intends you hurt or intends you benefit?”
Allah says, none can resist what Allah has decided in your case, all praise and honor belong to Him. Allah is the Knower of your secrets and what your hearts conceal, even if you pretend and choose to be hypocritical with us.
This is why Allah the Exalted said,
بَلْ كَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا
Nay, but Allah is Ever All-Aware of what you do.
then He said
48:12
بَلۡ ظَنَنۡتُمۡ اَنۡ لَّنۡ یَّنۡقَلِبَ الرَّسُوۡلُ وَ الۡمُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ اِلٰۤی اَہۡلِیۡہِمۡ اَبَدًا وَّ زُیِّنَ ذٰلِکَ فِیۡ قُلُوۡبِکُمۡ وَ ظَنَنۡتُمۡ ظَنَّ السَّوۡءِ ۚۖ وَ کُنۡتُمۡ قَوۡمًۢا بُوۡرًا ﴿۱۲﴾
But you thought that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families, ever, and that was made pleasing in your hearts. And you assumed an assumption of evil and became a people ruined.”
بَلْ ظَنَنتُمْ أَن لَّن يَنقَلِبَ الرَّسُولُ وَالْمُوْمِنُونَ إِلَى أَهْلِيهِمْ أَبَدًا
Nay, but you thought that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families,
`for your lagging behind was not an excusable act or just a sin. Rather, your lagging behind was because of hypocrisy and because you thought that the Muslims would be killed to the extent of extermination, their lives would be extinguished and none of them will ever come back,’
وَزُيِّنَ ذَلِكَ فِي قُلُوبِكُمْ
and that was made fair seeming in your hearts,
وَظَنَنتُمْ ظَنَّ السَّوْءِ وَكُنتُمْ قَوْمًا بُورًا
and you did think an evil thought and you became a people Bur. (going for destruction),
according to Abdullah bin Abbas, Mujahid and several others.
Qatadah explained Bur to mean, corrupt and some said that it is a word used in the Arabic dialect of the area of Oman.
Allah the Exalted then said
48:13
وَ مَنۡ لَّمۡ یُؤۡمِنۡۢ بِاللّٰہِ وَ رَسُوۡلِہٖ فَاِنَّاۤ اَعۡتَدۡنَا لِلۡکٰفِرِیۡنَ سَعِیۡرًا ﴿۱۳﴾
And whoever has not believed in Allah and His Messenger – then indeed, We have prepared for the disbelievers a Blaze.
وَمَن لَّمْ يُوْمِن بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ
And whosoever does not believe in Allah and His Messenger,
Allah states here that whoever does not purify his actions outwardly and inwardly for Allah’s sake,
فَإِنَّا أَعْتَدْنَا لِلْكَافِرِينَ سَعِيرًا
then verily, We have prepared for the disbelievers a blazing Fire.
then Allah the Exalted will punish him in the Blazing Fire, even if he pretends to show people that he follows the faith, contradicting his true creed.
Allah said
48:14
وَ لِلّٰہِ مُلۡکُ السَّمٰوٰتِ وَ الۡاَرۡضِ ؕ یَغۡفِرُ لِمَنۡ یَّشَآءُ وَ یُعَذِّبُ مَنۡ یَّشَآءُ ؕ وَ کَانَ اللّٰہُ غَفُوۡرًا رَّحِیۡمًا ﴿۱۴﴾
And to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. He forgives whom He wills and punishes whom He wills. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful.
وَلِلَّهِ مُلْكُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالاَْرْضِ
And to Allah belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth.
Allah the Exalted then states that He is the Only Authority, King and Owner Who has full control over the residents of the heavens and earth,
يَغْفِرُ لِمَن يَشَاء وَيُعَذِّبُ مَن يَشَاء وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا
He forgives whom He wills, and punishes whom He wills.
And Allah is Forgiving, Most Merciful. (with those who repent, return and submit to Him with humiliation.)
48:15
سَیَقُوۡلُ الۡمُخَلَّفُوۡنَ اِذَا انۡطَلَقۡتُمۡ اِلٰی مَغَانِمَ لِتَاۡخُذُوۡہَا ذَرُوۡنَا نَتَّبِعۡکُمۡ ۚ یُرِیۡدُوۡنَ اَنۡ یُّبَدِّلُوۡا کَلٰمَ اللّٰہِ ؕ قُلۡ لَّنۡ تَتَّبِعُوۡنَا کَذٰلِکُمۡ قَالَ اللّٰہُ مِنۡ قَبۡلُ ۚ فَسَیَقُوۡلُوۡنَ بَلۡ تَحۡسُدُوۡنَنَا ؕ بَلۡ کَانُوۡا لَا یَفۡقَہُوۡنَ اِلَّا قَلِیۡلًا ﴿۱۵﴾
Those who remained behind will say when you set out toward the war booty to take it, “Let us follow you.” They wish to change the words of Allah . Say, “Never will you follow us. Thus did Allah say before.” So they will say, “Rather, you envy us.” But [in fact] they were not understanding except a little.
Allah says,
سَيَقُولُ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ إِذَا انطَلَقْتُمْ إِلَى مَغَانِمَ لِتَأْخُذُوهَا ذَرُونَا نَتَّبِعْكُمْ
Those who lagged behind will say, when you set forth to take the spoils, “Allow us to follow you.”
Allah characterizes the Bedouins who lagged behind the Messenger of Allah during the Umrah of Hudaybiyyah, saying that when the Prophet and his Companions later went on to conquer Khyber, the Bedouins asked them to take them along. They were hoping to collect war booty, having been absent when it was time to fight the enemy and enduring with patience therein. Allah the Exalted ordered His Messenger to refuse to give them permission to accompany him, being a punishment that is similar to their error.
Allah has promised those who were present at Al-Hudaybiyyah to earn Khyber’s war spoils alone, not shared in that with the Bedouins who lagged behind. Therefore, the legislation that Allah gave in this regard was joined to the destiny that He decided, occurring just as He decided.
Allah’s statement,
يُرِيدُونَ أَن يُبَدِّلُوا كَلَمَ اللَّهِ
They want to change Allah’s Words, (which refers to the promise that Allah gave those who were present at Al-Hudaybiyyah),
according to the explanation reported from Mujahid, Qatadah, Juwaybir and which Ibn Jarir preferred.
Allah said,
قُل لَّن تَتَّبِعُونَا كَذَلِكُمْ قَالَ اللَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ
Say:”You shall not follow us; thus Allah has said beforehand.”
i.e. `when He promised the participants of Al-Hudaybiyyah before you asked to join them,’
فَسَيَقُولُونَ بَلْ تَحْسُدُونَنَا
Then they will say:”Nay, you envy us.”
i.e. `you do not want us to share the war spoils with you,’
بَلْ كَانُوا لَا يَفْقَهُونَ إِلاَّ قَلِيلً
Nay, but they understand not except a little.
i.e. the truth is nothing close to what they claimed, but they understand not
48:16
قُلۡ لِّلۡمُخَلَّفِیۡنَ مِنَ الۡاَعۡرَابِ سَتُدۡعَوۡنَ اِلٰی قَوۡمٍ اُولِیۡ بَاۡسٍ شَدِیۡدٍ تُقَاتِلُوۡنَہُمۡ اَوۡ یُسۡلِمُوۡنَ ۚ فَاِنۡ تُطِیۡعُوۡا یُؤۡتِکُمُ اللّٰہُ اَجۡرًا حَسَنًا ۚ وَ اِنۡ تَتَوَلَّوۡا کَمَا تَوَلَّیۡتُمۡ مِّنۡ قَبۡلُ یُعَذِّبۡکُمۡ عَذَابًا اَلِیۡمًا ﴿۱۶﴾
Say to those who remained behind of the bedouins, “You will be called to [face] a people of great military might; you may fight them, or they will submit. So if you obey, Allah will give you a good reward; but if you turn away as you turned away before, He will punish you with a painful punishment.”
Allah conveys the News that there will be Many Cases of Jihad, and that Jihad distinguishes the Ranks of the Believers and exposes the Hypocrites
Allay Say,
قُل لِّلْمُخَلَّفِينَ مِنَ الاَْعْرَابِ سَتُدْعَوْنَ إِلَى قَوْمٍ أُوْلِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ
Say to the Bedouins who lagged behind:”You shall be called to fight against a people given to great warfare, then you shall fight them, or they shall surrender.
Scholars of Tafsir differ over who the people mentioned here are. They are people experienced at warfare who will be called to fight. There are many opinions,
– first, they are the tribe of Hawazin, as Shu`bah narrated from Abu Bishr from Sa`id bin Jubayr, or Ikrimah, or both of them.
Hushaym narrated this explanation from Abu Bishr, from both Sa`id bin Jubayr and Ikrimah.
Qatadah, as narrated from him in one version, held the same view.
– The second view is that these people are the tribe of Thaqif, according to Ad-Dahhak.
– The third view is that they are Banu Hanifah, according to Juwaybir and Az-Zuhri, as Muhammad bin Ishaq narrated from him.
Similar was narrated from Sa`id bin Jubayr and Ikrimah.
– The fourth opinion is that they are the Persians, according to Ali bin Abi Talhah who reported that from Abdullah bin Abbas.
This is also the view of Ata’, Mujahid, and Ikrimah.
– Ka`b Al-Ahbar said that they are the Romans, while Ibn Abi Layla, Ata, Al-Hasan and Qatadah — in a different narration from him, said that they are the Persians and Romans.
Mujahid also said that they are the idolators.
In another narration Mujahid said, “They are men given to great warfare,” and did not specify any particular people. This last explanation is the view preferred by Ibn Jurayj and Ibn Jarir.
Allah’s statement,
تُقَاتِلُونَهُمْ أَوْ يُسْلِمُونَ
Then you shall fight them, or they shall surrender.
means, `you are called to fight them in Jihad, through constant warfare, until you become victorious over them or they surrender. Or, they will embrace your religion without a fight, but with their full consent.’
Allah the Exalted and Most Honored said next,
فَإِن تُطِيعُوا
Then if you obey,
i.e. `if you accept the call to Jihad and prepare for it and fulfill your duty in this regard,’
يُوْتِكُمُ اللَّهُ أَجْرًا حَسَنًا وَإِن تَتَوَلَّوْا كَمَا تَوَلَّيْتُم مِّن قَبْلُ
Allah will give you a fair reward; but if you turn away as you turned away before,
i.e. `on the day of Al-Hudaybiyyah, when you were called to Jihad, yet lagged behind,’
يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا
He will punish you with a painful torment.
Acceptable Reasons for not joining Jihad
Allay Says,
48:17
لَیۡسَ عَلَی الۡاَعۡمٰی حَرَجٌ وَّ لَا عَلَی الۡاَعۡرَجِ حَرَجٌ وَّ لَا عَلَی الۡمَرِیۡضِ حَرَجٌ ؕ وَ مَنۡ یُّطِعِ اللّٰہَ وَ رَسُوۡلَہٗ یُدۡخِلۡہُ جَنّٰتٍ تَجۡرِیۡ مِنۡ تَحۡتِہَا الۡاَنۡہٰرُ ۚ وَ مَنۡ یَّتَوَلَّ یُعَذِّبۡہُ عَذَابًا اَلِیۡمًا ﴿٪۱۷﴾
There is not upon the blind any guilt or upon the lame any guilt or upon the ill any guilt [for remaining behind]. And whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger – He will admit him to gardens beneath which rivers flow; but whoever turns away – He will punish him with a painful punishment.
لَيْسَ عَلَى الاَْعْمَى حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الاَْعْرَجِ حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الْمَرِيضِ حَرَجٌ
No blame or sin is there upon the blind, nor is there sin upon the lame, nor is there sin upon the sick.
Allah then mentions the legal reasons that allow one to be excused from joining the Jihad, such as blindness and being lame, and various illnesses that strike one and are remedied in few days. When one is ill, he is allowed to remain behind and will have a valid excuse to do so, until his illness ends.
Allah the Exalted and Most honored then said, while ordaining joining the Jihad and obeying Allah and His Messenger,
وَمَن يُطِعِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ يُدْخِلْهُ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِن تَحْتِهَا الاَْنْهَارُ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ
And whosoever obeys Allah and His Messenger, He will admit him to Gardens beneath which rivers flow; and whosoever turns back, (from joining the Jihad and busies himself in his livelihood),
يُعَذِّبْهُ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا
He will punish him with a painful torment.
i.e. in this life with humiliation and in the Hereafter with the Fire. Allah the Exalted has the best knowledge
48:18
لَقَدۡ رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ عَنِ الۡمُؤۡمِنِیۡنَ اِذۡ یُبَایِعُوۡنَکَ تَحۡتَ الشَّجَرَۃِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فِیۡ قُلُوۡبِہِمۡ فَاَنۡزَلَ السَّکِیۡنَۃَ عَلَیۡہِمۡ وَ اَثَابَہُمۡ فَتۡحًا قَرِیۡبًا ﴿ۙ۱۸﴾
Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you, [O Muhammad], under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity upon them and rewarded them with an imminent conquest
Good News to the Participants of the Ridwan Pledge of Allah’s Pleasure and earning Spoils of War
Allay Says,
لَقَدْ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُوْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ
Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they gave the pledge to you under the tree,
Allah declares that He is pleased with the believers who gave the pledge to the Messenger of Allah under the tree. We mentioned the number of these believers as being one thousand and four hundred and that the tree was a Samurah tree, located in the area of Hudaybiyyah.
Al-Bukhari narrated from Tariq that Abdur-Rahman said,
“I went on Hajj and passed by people praying and asked, `What is this Masjid’
They said, `This is the tree where the Messenger of Allah took the pledge of Ar-Ridwan.’
So, I went to Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib and told him. Sa`id said,
`My father told me that he was among those who gave their pledge to the Messenger of Allah under the tree. My father said:
The following year, when we went out, we forgot its place and could not agree which tree it was.’
Sa`id said, `The Companions of Muhammad forgot where the tree was, but you know where it is. Therefore, you have better knowledge than them!”‘
Allah said,
فَعَلِمَ مَا فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ
He knew what was in their hearts,
meaning, of truthfulness, trustworthiness, obedience and adherence,
فَأَنزَلَ السَّكِينَةَ
and He sent down As-Sakinah, (calmness and tranquility),
عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَثَابَهُمْ فَتْحًا قَرِيبًا
upon them, and He rewarded them with a near victory.
i.e. in reference to the goodness that Allah the Exalted and Most Honored caused to happened to the Companions on account of the peace treaty between them and their disbelieving enemies. Ever after that, the Companions gained abundant, general and continuous benefits and accomplishments, leading to the conquest of Khyber and Makkah and then the various surrounding provinces and areas. They earned tremendous glory, triumphs and an elevated and honorable status in this life and in the Hereafter, just as Allah the Exalted said,
وَمَغَانِمَ كَثِيرَةً يَأْخُذُونَهَا وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَزِيزًا حَكِيمًا
48:19
وَّ مَغَانِمَ کَثِیۡرَۃً یَّاۡخُذُوۡنَہَا ؕ وَ کَانَ اللّٰہُ عَزِیۡزًا حَکِیۡمًا ﴿۱۹﴾
And much war booty which they will take. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise.
And abundant spoils that they will capture. And Allah is Ever All-Mighty, All-Wise.
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